The earliest one-layer AI neuron for sorting things into two groups.
A Perceptron is a roller coaster height sign. Tall enough, you ride. One hair short, enjoy the bench.
It helps explain simple classification and weights. You meet it in the first lesson on neural networks.
Neural-network
The Perceptron was an early starting point for Neural-network.
MLP
MLP is a direct extension of the Perceptron with more layers.
Backpropagation
After the Perceptron, deeper networks used Backprop to learn.
Connectionism
The Perceptron is a classic early model in Connectionism.