A classification method that treats each feature as separate when choosing a class.
Naive Bayes is like a spam bouncer at a club. It counts each sketchy word, then pretends those words never met.
You meet it in spam filters and text sorting. It is fast and cheap, but linked clues can fool it.
Classification
Naive Bayes does Classification by choosing the most likely class.
Bayesian Network
Naive Bayes is a very simple Bayesian Network with a strong independence rule.
Bag-of-Words
Bag-of-Words turns text into word-count features for Naive Bayes.
Supervised Learning
Naive Bayes uses Supervised Learning with labeled examples.