The gap between what people mean and what machines can follow as rules.
You ask for a sandwich with “good vibes.” The machine asks, “How many grams of vibes?”
Rules can run approvals or give care advice. They may still miss what people really want.
Formal Methods
Formal Methods can check rules. They cannot add missing human intent.
Alignment
Alignment must turn human values into clear goals for machines.
Human-Centered AI
Human-Centered AI keeps people involved when rules are not enough.